A survey of modernist poetry — A Closer Reading

The Plain Reader as Defendant and Judge

The first chapter sets up a courtroom drama in which the plain reader is both complainant and potential juror. Graves and Riding grant that traditional poetry seems to present no difficulty, but they immediately complicate this assumption by noting that even Shakespeare can be misunderstood. Their strategy is to take the reader's frustration seriously: they quote Cummings's apparent insult to common sense—"Keep out. This is a private performance"—and then ask whether the poet actually means to exclude the public.

The authors do not side entirely with the poet. They concede that if a poem resists all reasonable efforts, it may be merely a joke at the reader's expense. But they shift the burden of proof: the reader must admit that poetry requires a more active mind than the lazy reading encouraged by anthologies. This opening gambit establishes the book's tone—combative yet fair, demanding yet patient—and its central question: what rights does the plain reader have, and what responsibilities?

Punctuation as Poetic Argument

Chapter III performs a detailed comparison of Shakespeare's original spelling and punctuation with modernized editions, then applies the same scrutiny to Cummings. Graves and Riding argue that Cummings's typographical experiments are not arbitrary: they direct the reader's pace, emphasize certain words, and create visual analogues for sound. The authors treat punctuation as a form of notation, akin to musical notation, that the reader must learn to interpret.

They extend this argument to the history of criticism, noting that Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Tennyson, and Browning were each called affected in their day. The charge of affectation, they suggest, often masks a resistance to unfamiliar technique. By linking Cummings to Shakespeare, they imply that what seems like a break with tradition may actually be a return to the poet's prerogative to control the reading experience through every available means.

Genuine versus False Modernism

In later chapters, Graves and Riding refine their central distinction: genuine modernism is "faith in the immediate, the new doings of poems," while false modernism is "faith in history"—a mere adoption of avant-garde poses. They warn that a middle population, the intelligent plain-man point of view, often mistakes historical progressiveness for poetic merit. This middle view, they argue, reduces poetry to an instrument of civilization rather than an end in itself.

The authors cite Francis Thompson's defense of Coleridge to show how the charge of affectation has been recycled. But they push further: Thompson's own affected style, they note, made him eager to claim that being called affected proves genuineness. Graves and Riding resist this easy reversal. They insist on examining each case individually, asking whether the poet's innovations serve the poem's internal logic or merely advertise originality. This skeptical, case-by-case approach gives the book its argumentative edge.

Readers should approach this book as a collaborative polemic, not a neutral survey. Graves and Riding write in a single voice, but the preface notes that the last chapter is a revision of an essay by one author. The book rewards those who read it with the same active attention it demands of poetry: pause at every quotation, consider the typography, and test the authors' claims against your own experience of the poems they discuss.